Pedagogy free essay sample

By creating a supportive and warm classroom climate, the students will become more productive and effective in their learning. On the other hand, the students will be motivated which is closely linked to achievement. Students are very sensitive to classroom environment in which they are placed. So an appropriate classroom environment is essential for learning process to take place. As a result, the students’ achievement will increase as they will respond positively to the environment of the class and also to the teacher. It is important that students are able to create a sense of belonging and trust. Thus, the students will be encouraged to work cooperatively in order to learn. It is important for teacher to understand the characteristics of the students they teach. Through the appropriate classroom environment, students will explore and learn through their environment to achieve their high potential. This will enable them to know who things work, built relationships with others and become problem-solvers. We will write a custom essay sample on Pedagogy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus, students need a stimulating environment for healthy growth and development, either cognitively, emotionally and physically. In order to provide an appropriate classroom environment for optimum learning, the class should be well organized and disciplined. In such environment, the students tend to work through specific goals through the guidance and supervision of their teacher and at the same, it prevent disruptive behaviours. Thus all the students will be concentrated in their learning. LAROSE SANTYNA Firstly, an effective teacher should love to teach. The single most important quality that every teacher should possess is love and passion for teaching young people. Unfortunately, there are teachers who do not love what they do. This single factor can destroy a teacher’s effectiveness quicker than anything else. Teachers who do not enjoy their job cannot possibly be effective day in day out. There are too many difficulties and if the teacher is not applying passion in what he does, he will lose credibility in front of his students at a certain time. Secondly, a teacher should be able to relate to his students by going out of their way to find ways to relate each of them. Common interest can be hard to find but good teachers will find a way to connect with the students even if they have to fake it. For example, if a student likes to sing, I can create activities including songs even if I am not interested in singing. Therefore, the student will think that I do and thus naturally create a connection. Thirdly, it is better to be more proactive rather than reactive. Intense planning and organization can ultimately make my job much easier. It is better to plan for solutions to problems that may arise rather than wait for the problems to arise and then try to address them. Being proactive does not replace being adaptive. No matter how well I plan to do my class, there will be surprises. However, being proactive can cut down on these surprises tremendously, thus making me more effective overall. The fourth quality, is that , an effective teacher demonstrates a caring attitude. Even if one loves one’s job, he or she can struggle in this area, not because he does not care but because he gets caught up so much that forgets that his students have a life outside the school. Good teachers know how to balance their relationship with their students without getting too far in t5he student’s life. Once a student believes that a teacher truly cares for him or her, then there is no limit to what the student can achieve. Fifthly, what makes teaching so exciting is that kids learn differently and me, as a teacher, I should find and utilize different strategies and differentiated learning to reach my students. What works for one student, will not work for every student. I must be willing to be creative and adaptive in my lessons to meet all my students’ needs. Next point is that, as a teacher I should be a good communicator either with my students and their parents and their social environment. As a good teacher, I must seek out professional development opportunities and try to apply something new to my class every year. For example, new technology and new educational tools as well as a variety of media. Also, I should be able to push my students harder than an average teacher and challenge them I think so as these are the teachers that I remember and want to thank because of how well they prepared us for life after my time with them and I would want the same for my students. Lastly, as a qualified teacher, I must understand the content that I teach and know how to explain it in a manner that my students understand. There are teachers who do not know the content well enough to teach it effectively. There are teachers who are truly experts on the content, but struggle to effectively explain it to their students. The highly effective teacher both understands the content and explains it well. b)Create the appropriate classroom climate. The importance of establishing an appropriate classroom environment which supports learning as follows: Classroom environment are extremely important for students and teachers also. Everything from the color of the walls to the arrangement of the desks se nds impressions to students and can affect the way a student learns. The emotional environment also affects the learning environment of my students and how well they receive instruction. As a good teacher, I should create a welcoming atmosphere where my students feel safe and willing to share. My classroom should represent the students equally and everyone should know each other. I can use humor in my classes to create a more positive environment. A good physical aspect of the class will encourage the students to learn and participate as students are willing to give their best when they feel at ease. I must ensure that every student has a respectful classroom environment where their contributions matters. Establishing a positive classroom environment where students are respectful of themselves and others will help reduce the risk of conflicts. The type of classroom environment that a teacher creates and encourages can either increase or decrease a student’s ability to learn and feel comfortable as a member of the class. My classroom environment should do as much to foster cooperation and acceptance as the teaching methods that I will use. Classrooms that encourage emotional well-being create an atmosphere for both learning and emotional development. I think that a warm classroom environment can lead to increased academic achievement and a sense of pride for the student himself, the teacher and the school. Classrooms are very public places. Everyone knows who does what and how well or how badly. According to Erickson, performing in school is a â€Å"risky business†, especially for students who do not do well. They have a number of ways of responding, including withdrawing, not trying, or becoming a class clown. All these issues point to the importance of developing a positive environment in learning, a climate in which children and adults feel secure and willing to engage in appropriate risk-taking and know that they will be supported in their efforts. ABDOOLROHOMUN SHAMSHAD Teachers touch the future. They play an important role in the education of our society. The success of this system lies in the abilities and skills of the teachers in managing all their pupils in a learning conducive environment. Pupils differ greatly one from the other in terms of needs, interests and abilities and teachers have to cope with all these so that teaching and learning takes place. According to me, a teacher must develop the following qualities and skills to maximise each pupil’s opportunities to learn: †¢ Knowledge of their subject matter I believe it is very important that a teacher understands his subject matter. There are cases where teachers are unable to answer their students. To be able to teach and explain the content, a teacher must understand it himself first. Also a teacher must continually build his teaching skills so as to find new ways to make teaching and learning more accessible. †¢ Passion/ Love for the job Teaching is no easy job. A teacher often has to face many difficulties. If he does not love his job, teaching may turn out to be a burden for him. In such cases, the teacher will not be giving the best of himself and pupils are likely to lose from this situation. A teacher should be passionate and enthusiastic about his job. This would reduce the boredom that usually arises and create a positive environment for pupils to enjoy learning. Even a simple concept can be made interesting with the help of energy and enthusiasm. †¢ Good planning Planning is the key to effective teaching. A teacher who plans ahead gives a direction to his teaching which results in efficient learning. Planning also implies that the teacher is more proactive; he anticipates problems and identifies possible solutions instead of waiting those to arise. Moreover, proper planning allows for better classroom management. Pupils are less likely to find themselves idle or bored when a teacher plans well his lesson. †¢ Think outside the box Pupils learn differently. A teacher must be able to think outside the box. He must find different strategies to reach every pupil. A teacher must be creative and flexible. A teacher should try his best to incorporate interesting exercises and techniques in making teaching a fun-filled activity that will help in developing interest and curiosity among pupils. The abilities and skills of a teacher as elaborated above are normally reflected in the practices he adopts in teaching. It is also vital for any teacher to create a positive classroom environment for his pupils, both from a physical and emotional perspective. The physical environment which relates mainly to desk arrangement, student placement and classroom structure should accommodate an inclusive learning milieu. If pupils are placed in areas that are best suited for their needs, they will be able to perform better. In addition, if the works prepared by the pupils are displayed in the classroom, this would help in developing a sense of belonging to the classroom and act a sign of appreciation for their hard work. This would help instill confidence in them and encourage them to progress. Furthermore, it is the teacher’s responsibility to value each and every one of the pupils so that each pupil feels special and important. Teachers should treat all questions from pupils seriously and should not intimidate or make fun of them as this would create a dent in their confidence. They should encourage pupils to think, ask questions and also make them participate in group activities so as to broaden their general knowledge. The pupils should also be granted intermittent breaks and interesting/stress busting activities in between the regular learning sessions to refresh themselves. Other strategies to make the pupils’ learning environment enjoyable include: †¢ Greeting students personally and making frequent eye contact †¢ Negotiating rules and routines with them Acknowledging positive behaviours †¢ Using positive language †¢ Using humour †¢ Interacting with them outside the classroom A good grasp of the above presented facts and ideas w ould definitely ease the teaching process and ensure that pupils evolve in a well organized and comfortable environment, which at the same time promotes learning ability. Appendix A Step by step Workings Step by step Workings Appendix B (Worksheet to be filled by group leaders) |MATERIALS |OBSERVATION | | |WHAT CAN YOU SEE? |SALT | | |COFFEE | | |SAND | | |MILK | | |ROCKSAND | | (Worksheet for summative evaluation) Put a tick for materials which is soluble or insoluble MATERIALS |SOLUBLE |INSOLUBLE | |SALT | | | |COFFEE | | | |SAND | | | |MILK | | | |ROCKSAND | | | References †¢ http://www. learner. rg/workshops/socialstudies/pdf/session5/5. MappingARoute. pdf †¢ http://www. govwentworth. k12. nh. us/schoolfolders/krhs/PD%20Resources/Resources/10%20tips%20on%20differentiated%20instruction. pdf †¢ http://www. learnalberta. ca/content/kes/pdf/or_ws_tea_elem_02_diffinst. pdf †¢ http://www. sagepub. com/upm-data/12841_Gregory_Chapter_1. pdf †¢ Cooperative Learni ng Methods: A Meta-Analysis by David W. Johnson, Roger T. Johnson, and Mary Beth Stanne (PDF) †¢ Synthesis of Research on Cooperative Learning – Robert E Salvin (PDF) †¢ Cooperative Learning Structures Can Increase Student Achievement – article by Jeanie M. Dotson [online] : Available at http://www. kaganonline. om/free_articles/research_and_rationale/increase_achievement. php (accessed on 09th November 2012) †¢ Cooperative Learning Lesson Planning articles [online] : Available at http://www. kaganonline. com/catalog/BKCL_Chapter_1/lesson_plannning. php (accessed on 09th November 2012) †¢ http://www. iaie. org/download/turin_paper_bleszynska. pdf †¢ www. iaie. org/download/turin_paper_bleszynska. pdf †¢ http://www. dur. ac. uk/resources/tel/TR-TEL-08-01. pdf †¢ http://www2. lse. ac. uk/europeanInstitute/research/hellenicObservatory/pdf/4th_%20Symposium/ †¢ PAPERS_PPS/EDUCATION_SOCIAL%20EXCLUSION/VALIANDE. pdf †¢ https://web . utk. edu/~cdavis80/EP521/readings/Sork%20Planning%20Educational%20Programs. pdf - Step 2: Children start rolling the clay to give it the shape of a ball Step 1: Children take a piece of modelling clay. Step 5 6 : Children paint the whole â€Å"planet† Step 4: When children have finished modelling the ball. They will have to paint the â€Å"planet† according to its respective colour They will have to paint the â€Å"planet† according to its respective colour Step 3: Children model a small ball representing their respective planet Step 7 8: Children are then asked to fill the description card. Step 9: When the children have complete the description card, they will Have to stick their respective planet on the bottom of the card

Private Limited Company Essays

Private Limited Company Essays Private Limited Company Paper Private Limited Company Paper Being a sole trader is the easiest and most common form of business to set up. If Donald Powell decided to operate as a sole trader, he would be the owner and manager of his own business. Being a sole trader has its advantages and disadvantages.  If Donald Powell were to become a sole trader, he would receive all of the profits his business has generated. Donald Powell, as a sole trader, would also be able to make all of the decisions in his business.  Privacy is also an advantage for Mr Powell as all business affairs would remain private.  As a sole trader, Donald Powell can quickly change trade if his previous one proves to be unsuccessful. This can happen overnight.  However, there are also some disadvantages to being a sole trader. Unlimited liability is one of them. Ultimate responsibility for any debts will lie solely with Donald Powell. This would have to be repaid by his wealth or personal possessions. Since it is very unlikely that any single individual will posses all the required qualifications and business acumen to a run a successful enterprise, Donald Powell may find it impossible to compete with traders employing people specialising in different aspects of the trade.  As a sole trader, Donald Powell may find the responsibility of owning, managing and working the business a heavy burden.  Working hours may also be a disadvantage as Donald Powell would be likely to have to work long hours. If Donald Powell was to become sick or was to die, the business may collapse.  The last disadvantage would be lack of growth. It would be difficult for Donald Powells business to grow, as the money invested in the business (capital) is likely to be very limited.  If Donald Powell was to operate as a sole trader, he would experience a lot of advantages such as receiving all of the profit, making all of the decisions e.t.c. He also has a lot of serious disadvantages such as not being able to advertise his shares, lacking business skills e.t.c. E.g. If Donald Powell lacked necessary business skills, he would find it very difficult to cope and be successful. This is why I have come to the conclusion that this type of business is unsuitable for Mr Powell. Forming a partnership with at least one person and a maximum of twenty can lessen some disadvantages experienced by a sole trader (Donald Powell). This is a popular type of business. This type of company has many advantages and disadvantages.  Each partner will invest capital into the business and this will increase Donald Powells business financial resource.  Partnerships can take advantages of larger scale businesses opportunities. This is a good advantage for Donald Powell  The responsibilities of the business would be shared between all of the owners known as partners. This would take a little weight off Mr Powells shoulders. In a partnership, business affairs would remain private between the partners. This could increase Donald Powells business awareness as well.  With several partners working within the business, each one can specialise in what they are best at e.g. accountancy e.t.c (Speacialition increases productivity) This could be very useful for Mr Powell as he may lack some business skills. Therefore, he can do what he is best at.  There are four main disadvantages to being in a partnership. The first one is unlimited liability. All partners are equally liable for any debts the business builds up. Therefore, Donald Powell can lose all of his personal wealth and possessions to repay debts. With shared decision-making, there is always a likelihood of Donald Powell or any of the other partners disagreeing to someones decision. However, this can be solved with a legal document called a Deed of Partnership. This outlines how decisions should be made, profits shared e.t.c  As the number of partners is limited, so is the capital. This can hinder the business growth. This is a disadvantage for Donald Powell. I think operating in a partnership would be quite a good choice of business for Mr Powell as it has many advantages such as specialisation, more capital e.t.c However, there are also a few disadvantages such as disagreements, unlimited liability e.t.c And although it seems that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages, I still think this is not the most suitable type of business for the needs of Donald Powell. If Donald Powell decided to operate as a plc, (public limited company), he would be the owner and manager of his business perhaps along with a few other people. Being an owner of a plc has its advantages and disadvantages.  The liability of the owners such as Donald Powell to pay the debts of the company is limited only to the money invested in shares. This would encourage share ownership, as Donald Powells personal wealth is kept secure, should the company fail. Shares can be advertised and sold through the stock exchange. The shares can be sold to any member of the public. This can allow Donald Powell to raise a vast amount of capital.  If Donald Powell made a mistake which proved to be very serious, his business would be sued, not Donald Powell himself.  As Donald Powells business becomes larger, there will be a lot more scope for specialisation. Specialist in different jobs could be employed. Employees will concentrate on only a few tasks they are good at. Not only will this allow Donald Powells business to run things much more efficiently, but also Mr Powell will not need to worry whether he lacks certain business skills. (Specialisation increases output). As Donald Powell will be running a larger business, banks will be more willing to lend larger business loans, as he will be likely to repay them on time. Loans with a lower rate of interest may be obtained. As Donald Powells business will be a lot larger, he will be more likely to buy things in bulk. Hence, the unit cost of production will fall. (Get cheaper).  Any owner that purchases more than 50% of the companys shares can be said to have taken over the business. This can happen anytime if shareholders (such as Donald Powell) are willing to sell their shares. E.g. BMW mounted a successful take over of Rover. Large businesses can be difficult for Donald Powell to control and manage leading to inefficiencies e.g. managers wasting money and leading to disagreements and industrial action. This can lead to rising unit costs in production known as diseconomies of scale.  Donald Powells interests e.g. growth, market share may differ from shareholders interests e.g. profit leading to higher dividends  The setting of a PLC is time consuming and costly.

Elements in financial services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Elements in financial services - Essay Example economy? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 How do these policy-induced changes in real interest rates †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 affect the financial institutions and the economy? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 The inflation and the monetary policy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 Effect of interest rate to long term investment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 Government Spending†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 Where does the federal government get all the funding to support these expenditures? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 Monetary Policy in the Financial Crisis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 Work Cited†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 I have chosen to discuss the U.S. monetary policy as it has wide effect to the economy that transcends to other countries. First, I will show the structure of the US monetary policy, its goals and tools. Second part, I will discuss how it affects the U.S. economy, particularly, the financial

Existentialism in European Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Existentialism in European Art - Essay Example This art is still relevant today for all practical purposes and will be demonstrated as such. Europe had been left ravaged by Hitler and the Nazis. There was a great deal of despair in the region over the fact that for six years (1939-1945), basically Europe had been Hitler's stomping grounds. In 1938, Austria fell; in 1939, Germany invaded Czechoslovakia; also in 1939, Poland fell; Belgium, France, and the Netherlands surrendered in 1940; and Luxembourg fell in 1940 and was annexed to Germany.1 Then, also in 1940, Denmark and Norway were invaded, and Romania surrendered to Germany; Germany entered the Soviet Union in 1941 and lost; and then Yugoslavia, Greece, and Estonia all surrendered to Germany in 1941.2 By the end of the war, the U.S.S.R. (the United Soviet Socialist Republic) controlled a majority of Europe. In most countries, the U.S.S.R. put communist factions in control. Also, a few Baltic nations were annexed to the U.S.S.R. Germany was required to make reparations to several countries, notwithstanding. Much of these accoutrements had to be made in order to pacify the Allies' thirst for power in a declining German economy. In many ways, this was payback for the Nazism that had ravaged Europe. Germany was reduced to being in a bad situation financially, about where it had been before the start of World War II economically. At the end of World War II, people were ... Also, a few Baltic nations were annexed to the U.S.S.R. Germany was perhaps affected in the worst way in some senses of the word. There was an economic depression of sorts, and the country had to be entirely rid of Nazi policy and symbolism. Several German and Polish people were banished from their countries of origin due to the way Europe was divided based on post-war treaties. Germany was required to make reparations to several countries, notwithstanding. Much of these accoutrements had to be made in order to pacify the Allies' thirst for power in a declining German economy. In many ways, this was payback for the Nazism that had ravaged Europe. Germany was reduced to being in a bad situation financially, about where it had been before the start of World War II economically. At the end of World War II, people were seeking answers about existence and selfhood. After having lived through the concentration camps and the occupations, Europe was ready for a paradigm shift in the way people connected to one another (themselves) as well as other people. People were seeking more out of life. They wanted to know answers to the questions "Who am I" and "Why am I here" Post-World War II, many people were left wondering what to do with themselves. Now that they were free, people had the time on their hands to finally navel-gaze and be disaffected observers. For now, they were not the ones being interrogated. It was their turn to interrogate others and ask of life all of the questions that filled their souls with longing. People were struggling not to be bored (when they weren't in dire need of worrying about surviving, of course). And, surviving was an entirely different topic altogether that needed to be addressed. Many survivors of World War II

Analysis of Physician Views Towards End-of-Life Care

Analysis of Physician Views Towards End-of-Life Care Introduction: It has been estimated that more than 15 million people will suffer cancer worldwide by 2020(1). According to the report by Ministry of Health, over 30000 people die because of cancer annually and about 70000 new cases occur every year(2). Therefore cancer is the third most common cause of death in Iran following coronary heart disease and accidents (3, 4). There are considerable evidences that most of patients who encounter a life-threatening condition such as cancer are growing rapidly in Iran in the last few decades (1, 5, 6). Unfortunately, most of these patients are diagnosed in the late stages of disease, therefore they reach a stage that surgery, chemotherapy and other curative interventions are unable to improve their quality of life. They often suffer severe distress, in physical, psychological, spiritual, social and financial dimensions (7)Hence, the relief from such a suffering is considered as a basic and universal human right (8) and a basic action in achieving Universal Health Coverage(UHC) which has been introduced by World Health Organization in recent years (9). Universal health coverage is defined as access to key promotive, preventive, curative , rehabilitative, and palliative care for all at an affordable cost(8). Palliative or hospice care is an interdisciplinary, comprehensive, patient-centered approach in response to these needs. In other word hospice is a model for end-of-life care based on a team approach to control symptoms, manage pain, and provide emotional and spiritual support for terminally ill patients and their families (10). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), palliative care is ‘an approach to improve the quality of life of for threatening illness situations (11). The hospice care is not to cure disease but alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life at the end of life are the main objectives. Furthermore the mission of hospice care is to enable the end of life patients to die at home, with their beloved people around them (12). Despite the fact that cancer is a leading cause of mortality with rapidly growing rate and late stage diagnoses in Iran, very little is known about the physicians’ beliefs, attitudes and experiences about of end-of-life care. This study surveyed Iranian physicians’ attitudes and practices on end-of-life care for the first time. Materials Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among all doctors who participated in the biggest regional annually conducted educational seminar in the Tabriz city and end of year medical students in September 2012. This Physicians came from East-Azerbaijan and some provinces in north-east of Iran. Generally seminar is conducted annually and consists of clinician-specialists in different specialty groups. The seminar presented the opportunity to obtain current information on End of life care training, knowledge and attitudes, demographic and organizational characteristics, and personal experience with end of life patients. The population consisted of 560 medical students, general physicians, specialist and sub-specialists. The sample size was determined based on the WHO recommendation on 400 sample and results of a pilot study consisting of 30 physicians which resulted in an Odds Ratio of 1.8. Considering 95% confidence and 95% power, two tailed test, and utilizing G-Power software, 161 cases were computed and regarding a dropout rate of 45% the total sample size increased to at least 234 cases. Data were collected using a voluntary self-administered, anonymous questionnaire that originally developed by John Mastrojohn and Agnes Csikos in 2010 (13) and we confirmed and retained its validity and reliability after translation to Farsi in this survey. A translation – back translation process was used to translate the measure; two English language specialists and two native English speaking persons respectively involved in the translation and back translation processes. In addition to apply the translated questionnaire in the study population on 15 persons, a linguistic edit of the measure was done. The content validity of the questionnaire was evaluated based on opinions of an expert panel consisted of eight specialists in the fields of Health service research. After conducting some modifications and corrections the content validity was approved. In addition, we assessed the reliability of questionnaire totally using Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient. The Cronbach†™s Alpha values were calculated for all 22 items (0.92.) and showed reasonable reliability (internal consistency). Questionnaires were distributed prior to the sessions and internship workshops. A total of 38.3% (215 of 560) of participants completed the survey. Participation was voluntary and no incentives were offered. Completion of the anonymous questionnaire was taken as consent to participate in the study. Questionnaire includes a letter explaining its general purpose and providing assurances of the confidentiality of individual answers. Questionnaire contains 22 questions about care of terminally ill patients, 2 questions about personal (age and sex) and 5 questions in relation to organizational characteristics. All returned questionnaires were checked manually for completeness before they were forwarded to electronic data computer. Frequencies and percentages were calculated to compare results and Cross-tabulations using Kendall’s tau-b to test for significance were conducted to compare within-sample bivariate associations between demographic and practice variables with belief and attitudinal variables. Most of these tests were not statistically significant, with the exception of those reported here. All study data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0.Only quantitative results are discussed in this article. Ethical consideration for this study and the study protocol were approved by the Ethics Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), which was in compliance with Helsinki Declaration. Results: In this study, 215 questionnaires were completed from 560 (overall response rate of 38.3%). Of all participants, 60% were males. In terms of their graduated universities, (76.2%) of the respondents were graduated students of Tabriz medical university. Every physician had visited 24.63 (16.57) patients every day and the average length of service was 5.23 (4.53) years. The physicians identified their degrees as 60.7% generalist and 39.3% specialist. Socio-demographic and organizational characteristics of participations are shown in table 1. According to the table 1 more than eighty percent of physicians have had at last 1-3 EOL patients. It is considerable that 72% of mentioned patients received medical care in the hospital, 23% at home and 4.7% in other settings. Further investigation did not show any statically significant differences between gender groups, specialty or generalists in the number of their daily visiting patients, however differences about their terminal illness patients were statically meaningful (p Physicians’ believes about the most appropriate type of care for end of life patients illustrated in Table2 The responses of physicians about opinion on current cares for end of life patients in our country were as following: 1.9 percent indicated the best, 15.8 percent sufficient with deficiencies, 59.5 percent insufficient, and finally 22.8 percent there is not any care. In other words nearly all of the physicians evaluated these services as insufficient. Furthermore their response to :In your opinion, the best setting for care of terminally ill patients is usually approximately were:20 percent hospital, 62 percent the patients home, 18 percent a nursing home, that obviously is in contrast with their practices that indicate more than 72.4 percent of end of life patients were cared in hospital. Furthermore the differences among two groups of physicians about Best Setting for care of terminally ill patients were statically significant (p Physicians beliefs about the ability of end of life patients to maintain dignity until death showed in the Table 3: Further investigation about mentioned differences in last table didn’t show any significant relationship among specialty, age, gender, work place and graduating groups of physicians. Nearly one percent of physicians stated that they were quite knowledgeable about hospice care and 57.1 percent did not posses any familiarity with this type of care. In other way, 97.2 percent of physicians indicated that they would not participate in educational course about hospice care. Hence 82.2 percent of them were interested in participating in educational course on hospice care. Table 4 shows familiarity of physicians with hospice care and their interest in participating in educational course. Table 4: physicians’ familiarity, behavioral with hospice care and educational course Investigation on significant relationship between physicians’ knowledge about hospice and demographic characteristics were meaningful only in Age groups, where differences in physicians on searching workshop in different groups were significant only in work place (p=0.025). DISCUSSION: There are numbers of important implications of this study. First, the study demonstrates that familiarity of Iranian physicians with end of life cares was low in spite of frequent contact with those patients. Second, there isnt any kind of structured or organized system to deliver services for end of life patients. Third, there isnt any developed educational plan neither in medical school curriculums nor continuity medical education programs. In this study the participation rate was 38.3% which was lower than that of similar studies in Hungary (54%) , United States (48%) and Pakistan (63.6%)(13, 14). This differences could be attributed to methods of sampling and low level of Iranian physicians’ knowledge about end of life cares . Most of the Iranian physicians (72%) in the current study claim that they didnt have any knowledge about hospice care, which is similar to Pakistani doctors (57.1%) who stated that they had heard about a hospice (14). In contrast to the most of U.S. physicians who were quite knowledgeable most of the Hungarian physicians had only a basic knowledge (13). However there is a high level of interest in the physicians of U.S., Hungary, Iran (82%), and Pakistan to participate in continuing medical education to learn more about hospice care. These findings are consistent with previous studies that indicate physicians’ common interest in continuing medical education for end-of-life care(7, 13-17). In this study 72% of EOL patients received medical care in the hospital and 23% at home, whereas other studies are focusing to physicians’ awareness of patients’ preferred place for dyeing(18, 19). However 27% of Iranian physicians mentioned that the preferred place of providing terminal care is hospital, the reasons for this obvious conflict are related to lack of delivering any end of life care in health system in hospital or home. Furthermore 82% of physicians demonstrated that level of present end of life care in Iran is insufficient and 22% believed that there is not any structured service for end of life patients. This finding is in accordance with other study results and reports, thereforeIran was categorized in second group on Palliative Care Development in the world (20). Iranian physicians believed that combination of curative and palliative care is most appropriate approach for terminally ill patients (61.7%) which matches with U.S. physicians and contrasts with most of Hungarian physicians that supported a palliative care only approach for terminally ill patients (13). This may be attributed to the current practice of aggressive curative treatment until the last day s of life in Iran and Hungary. Iranian Physicians’ beliefs about the ability of End of life patient to maintain personal dignity were differed from those of other countries(13, 19) especially for this opinion Most or all end of life patients are not able to maintain personal dignity it was 18% in our study but in the mentioned countries it was 9% and 5 %. These differences could be attributed to difference of social contexts and family structures in these three countries. Most of the Iranian physicians in the current study claim that they would not participate in educational course about hospice care neither would they do in collage curriculums nor in continuity medical education programs. These results are in contrast to most of the U.S. and Hungarian physicians (13) but are in accordance with previous studies on Iranian nurses (8). Intense interest of Iranian physicians to participate in continuing medical education for end-of-life care is clear evidence for this finding. Conclusions: A growing trend of chronic, non-communicable diseases especially cancers in Iran, has led to new condition of needs for providing care to EOL patients. Furthermore our findings clearly indicate unacceptable level of knowledge and attitudes of physicians about delivering services for EOL patients. Physicians of our study were interested in participating in continuing education programs about EOL patient. In response to these realities, designing the specific care for EOL patients, is inevitable and should be starting as soon as possible. Furthermore the education of physicians about EOL care should be included in the formal curriculums of medical schools and continuous medical education programs.

Key Skill Essay

Ensure your work is accurate and clear and is saved appropriately  You need to have achieved Key Skills 9 and 10. In addition your teacher needs to have verified that the work is both accurate and clear. This means they need to have supplied a written statement saying that the work is accurate. They cannot do this is there are any mistakes so check the work clearly. Advantages and Disadvantages of using ICT for this task  Demonstrate knowledge of how IT can help you in your work and be able to compare your use of IT with other methods  You need to write about how IT helped you to produce your presentation. This might include spell-check making sure that the words were spelt correctly, or the use of cut and paste to move objects around the page to try out different layouts.  The second part of this Key Skill needs you to write about how else you might have done this presentation. You need to compare creating computer generated presentation with another method – maybe using a pen and pencil. The advantages and disadvantages of using IT  You need to list at least two advantages and two disadvantage of using IT to write the story. Example You might have used a pen and paper. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a pen and paper to write the story against using a computer?  You must make sure that you have covered both the advantages and the disadvantages. Example  Disadvantages might include cost of hardware software and peripherals or time spent learning how to use the programs needed to search, find and use information  The Importance of Copyright and Confidentiality  When it is necessary to observe copyright or confidentiality  You need to write a few lines about copyright – what it is and how it affects you and the pictures you have found on the internet and CD/Clipart. You can present screen shots from the site showing copyright information or copies of emails sent and receiving permission to use graphics, text and photographs You can write about confidentiality – what it is and how it does/does not affect you. You could refer to the lack of personal information and the fact that the Data Protection Act (1998) does not affect you.  Example  You have not used pictures of yourself or other young people which could identify them  Error Handling and Virus Protection  How to identify errors and their causes You will need to show, using screenshots, of errors and how to solve them. This can show the use of the office assistant, or searching for a web page that returns a not known error. It could be a picture of the spell check – identifying a spelling error. How to minimise risks from viruses  You will need to provide a description of how to avoid getting viruses from floppy disks or from Internet downloads, including the purpose and use of virus checkers and how they prevent and remove a virus.  A couple of paragraphs are all that is required. Health and Safety Matters Work safely and take care of equipment, avoid losing information and know how to get help when dealing with errors  You will need to write a paragraph about:  Taking care of equipment e.g. storage of disks:  You must not put your disks near a magnet as this will delete the content, not throwing them around  Avoiding loss of information e.g. use of AutoSave or backup. Saving information onto disks as well as the account at school  Obtaining help e.g. on-line help, telephone support or teacher assistance.   I could not work out how to adjust the margins so I used the online help (screenshots here†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦)  You need to show (through screenshots) that you have backed up your files. How to work safely and minimise health risks  You need to write a short paragraph about two health and two safety risks involved in using computers.  You may write about the use of anti-glare screens and taking a break from using the computer to rest your eyes or wrists. You may write about repetitive strain injuries from not having the correct keyboard and backache from not having the correct chair. Think about the rules in your computer room – not drinking in a computer room, trailing cables or bags in the aisle.

Overfishing the World Big Fish Population

Over Fishing the World Big Fish Population Insert your Name Here SCI275 Axia College of University of Phoenix The overfishing of our world’s oceans is causing a depletion of some prize fish, such as tuna and swordfish, to the point that some scientists believe that 90% of these big fish populations have been fished out. Jeremy Jackson of the Scripps Institute of Oceanography published a study in 2001 in which he asserts that overfishing is more destructive than toxic pollution or degrading water quality (University of Phoenix,  2007). Dr. Daniel Pauly, Professor and Director of the University of British Columbia's Fisheries Centre, describes it as follow on The Overfishing. org   (2007) website: â€Å"The big fish, the bill fish, the groupers, the big things will be gone. It is happening now. If things go unchecked, we’ll have a sea full of little horrible things that nobody wants to eat. We might end up with a marine junkyard dominated by plankton† (Fishing down the food web,  para. 1). Among the scientific community there is little argument on how to resolve this issue. Research has found that the situation is reversible if addressed now, but states that it will require a change in attitude in how we are using the oceans (University of Phoenix,  2007). To address this issue now, so that we may sustain the world’s big fish population for future generations, we must create a plan of action that includes the following steps (Young Peoples Trust for the Environment,  n.. d. ). Begin with quotas on fish. We can base this quota on scientific estimates of which fish are the most severely depleted, and adjustments can be made to the quotas according to reassessments done every few years as we monitor the repletion of the fish populations. †¢ Larger nets must also be used. As the big fish population has declined, mesh size has gotten smaller. We must increase this back to the original mesh size used perhaps 40 years ago, to allow the smaller fish to escape a nd continue to grow and breed. International agreements to protect important habitats, such as spawning and nursing grounds of these endangered big fish. †¢ Create a system that monitors the catch being brought in by fisheries, and independent fishermen, worldwide. Perhaps assessing severe fines for those caught exceeding the quotas placed on the endangered fish, or fishing in controlled waters, so that the penalty would exceed the expected gain. Educate fishermen on the fact that by following this plan, they are not losing their income but, in fact, helping to preserve their livelihood Most commercial fishermen, such as Pete DuPruis, who owns and operates his own fishing vessel on the Pacific Ocean, will see this as a challenge to their ability to earn a living. DuPruis and his fellow fishermen must be educated to realize that by following the guidelines, we will ensure their livelihood for many years, and the industry for future generations of commercial fishermen. A presentation should be made mandatory, as part of renewing the commercial fishing license, showing the declining numbers in the big fish groups, and how by following these guidelines, we can sustain their industry and the fish population both. Once made to understand that only through these efforts can the world continue to rely on the ocean’s population as a source of food, and that all fishermen worldwide will be held to the same standards, the fishermen should go along with the management plan, even if not happy about it. On the other side of the issue, environmentalists should be happy to help implement and provide data for this initiative to restock the world’s big fish population. By putting this plan into practice, we will also resolve the other problems created by over fishing, as it effects not only the depleted fish population, but also the animals for which those fish are food of choice. Whales are turning to sea otters for food, rather than the sea lions and eals on which they normally feed, as those populations also decline. Over fishing has also caused the use, as stated earlier, of smaller mesh nets, increasing the amount of by catch that is caught in the nets. By catch is the seabirds, dolphins, sea turtles, and even whales that are also caught in the net as they drag it in, and are usually dumped back into the ocean, dead or dying. A drastic reduction in the amount of by catch will subsequently occur with the reinstating of the larger mesh nets. The management plan may cause fishermen to have to look into a second source of income for the first five to ten years, as the most severe restrictions are put into place, giving the fish populations can breed and repopulate, and a reassessment to be done by the scientific community charged with monitoring the big fish groups. Governments might be forced to subsidize the industry for this initial period, to help prevent illegal poaching by some fishermen who saw poaching as their only economic alternative. Consumers would have to reduce their use of fish, and would have to pay more for the fish they did purchase at the market during this period of regeneration, but the result should be the reduction of prices after the fish populations have been restored. The encouraging news is that, by employing this simple plan for the restoration and future sustainment of our ocean’s big fish populations, we will be able to enjoy them as a food source for the foreseeable future. Referecences Overfishing. org. (2007). Overfishing – a global disaster. Retrieved November 07,2009 from http://overfishing. org/pages/why_is_overfishing_a_problem. php University of Phoenix. (2007). Declining fish stock vlr. Retrieved November 07,2009 from University of Phoenix, SCI275 – Environmental Science website at https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/axia/sci275/multimedia/video/declinining_fish_stock. htm Young Peoples Trust for the Environment. (n.. d. ). Over fishing. Retrieved November 08,2009 from http://www. ypte. org. uk/environmental/over-fishing/29