7 tips for dealing with a psycho boss

7 hints for managing a psycho chief Indeed, even as well as can be expected appear to be a dictator some of the time. Be that as it may, did you realize that a few managers are really maniacs? As per an Australian examination, 1 out of 5 corporate officials showed clinically psychopathic qualities. (For reference, the pace of mental cases, when all is said in done, is 1 out of each 100 individuals.) Whether your troublesome supervisor is insanely disposed or not, here are 7 techniques you can use to collapse likely awful manager circumstances. 1. Figure out what you’re managing with.Is your manager simply having a terrible day, or would he say he resembles this constantly? It is safe to say that she is managing different elements (pressure from above, representatives going missing, and so forth.) that are causing her to be extra hard on you? Or on the other hand would you say you are by and large excessively hard on her? Consider what might be causing the conduct. It probably won't legitimize it, or make the con duct any increasingly wonderful to manage, however everybody has an awful day. It’s imperative to consider whether this is genuinely your boss’s default method of working, or if it’s only an irregular problem.2. Get everything in writing.If your supervisor is a mayhem maker by requesting something, at that point asserting later that you were requested something totally unique, it’s your statement against theirs. Record what you can-for instance, in the event that you were given verbal directions, affirm in a brisk email just so everybody has a set up account of what was talked about/asked.3. Stop and take a breath.If you’re having a contention with your chief, hopping directly in with a warmed response could be something you’ll lament later. Pause for a moment, inhale, and consider your response. Once more, considering the â€Å"why† behind your boss’s conduct can likewise help keep you from responding from a position of unadul terated stress.4. Know and maintain a strategic distance from the triggers.Does your supervisor consistently go ballistic when somebody is late? Be extra aware of your appearance time. Tirade about grammatical mistakes in an email? Edit twice before you hit â€Å"send.† If there’s an example to Angry Boss’s conduct, it’s unquestionably to your greatest advantage to realize what that example is and figure out how to balance those triggers before they happen.5. Use correspondence strategies.This is a typical restorative technique for improving correspondence. Utilize undivided attention by rehashing back information exchanged, and requesting explanation if fundamental. Numerous contentions are because of individuals not feeling tuned in to or saw, so if your supervisor thinks you’re not tuning in, it can raise a conflict.6. Don’t let it wreck you.You have a vocation to do, and on the off chance that you let a harmful relationship with your sup ervisor influence your work and your conduct, that’s not going to support you. Do whatever it takes not to think about it literally or let it influence the nature of your work. On the off chance that you end up passing things over out of dissatisfaction with your chief, that can make your expert rep suffer.7. Heighten if necessary.If your organization has approaches to secretly air your interests to HR (or a comparable representative asset) and you feel like things are arriving at a limit, think about taking your issues to them. In the event that you fear going to work each day on account of the wretchedness that anticipates you for the following eight hours, that’s not a circumstance that’s bravo or your organization consider finding an inside (and unbiased) approach to raise the situation.We’ve all had a poisonous manager eventually in our professions. Now and then it shows signs of improvement, and now and again you simply need to proceed onward. In an y case, don’t let it ruin your expert life meanwhile.

Nuclear Weapons and Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

5 Books about Cheese

5 Books about Cheese In honor of National Cheese Day earlier this month, I’ve come up with a list of five non-fiction cheese books. Cheese has been an obsession throughout my life; the stinkier, the better. My nostalgia is for the cheeses of repute without names; I’ll never forget the amazing pungent cheese with a saint’s name that I had in northern France on July 11th, 2007. I have yet to identify what the cheese could be. Recently, with the aid of a kit, I’ve started making my own cheeses with nothing more than a few materials and a gallon of whole milk. In honor of the great world of cheese, here are the five books of note. I do want to note that most of the books are from a Western European/U.S. perspective; I would love to see books about cheese or dairy products elsewhere such as Cotija and Chihuahua from Mexico or even Butter Tea from Tibet. Cheese and Culture: A History of Cheese and Its Place in Western Culture by Paul Kindstedt This work provides a very broad history about cheese, starting with prehistoric times through the current day. It’s a bit broad but I do appreciate several insights that Kinstedt points out. Notably, he points out how cheesemaking for many centuries was the domain of women, using the milk to provide long term food for the family. However, in a pattern that repeats itself over and over, cheesemaking becomes male-dominated when the industry is recognized for its money making potential and mechanised. I see my own cheesemaking as part of this long standing female tradition. The Whole Fromage:  Adventures in the Delectable World of French Cheese by Kathe Lison The Whole Fromage Lisons work is a delightful series of essays about her travels throughout France. It really makes me want to pack up my bags and do my own cheese-themed road trip of France. One of the key themes of the book is this tension between old and new school ways of making cheese. Notably, she talks about the cheese war over the definition of Camembertâ€"can it be made with processed milk?  She also talks about how Roquefort, one of the first cheeses to get to coveted Appellation dOrigine Contrôlée (AOC) distinction, has benefited from every new innovation. The Cheese Chronicles: A Journey Through the Making and Selling of Cheese in America, From Field to Farm to Table by Liz Thorpe This work is a loving tribute to the U.S. cheese industry. Divided by types of cheese and process, Thorpe discusses the cheeses made by numerous farms throughout the U.S. If youre looking for a good overview of the U.S. cheesemakers, this work is for you. It’s practically a grocery list of cheeses you should try. Goat Song: A Seasonal Life, A Short History of Herding, and the Art of Making Cheese by Brad Kessler Goat Song Brad Kessler details how he and his wife, Dona, buy a house and land in rural Vermont and raise Nubian goats. It’s a man’s meditation on his relationship to his goats and the attempt to reconnect with the land. As an unapologetic city girl, even I was seduced by Kessler’s idyllic dream of raising goats and using their cheese for daily food. French Cheeses: The Visual Guide to More than 350 Cheeses from Every Region in France by Kazuko Masui and Tomoko Yamada French Cheeses To aid in my proposed cheese road trip of France, French Cheeses provides the visual map for my journey. Filled with photos and descriptions, this work is a comprehensive work to aid the reader in their quest for diverse cheeses. Sadly, I was not able to identify my cheese. Interested in more books about cheese and other food? I talk about Gordon Edgar’s two books about cheese in my post on Food History.   Or if you want to try something novel, check out this post about famous authors and their recipes. Personally, I want to try Tolstoy’s macaroni and cheese recipe!  

Black Americans From Working Or Middle Class Background

Similarly, in another research conducted by Nteta suggests that Black Americans from working or middle class background are most in support of anti-immigration policies (2013, pg.153). The research is quantitative and attempts to answer what motivates working class Black Americans to support anti-immigration policies through data collected by surveys. This data suggests that working class and middle class Black Americans are against immigration because they will have to compete with them in the job market and are likely to increase this sentiment during a time of economic recession (Nteta, 2013, pg. 154). However, it must be noted that simply being anti-immigration does not necessarily motivate violent acts. In the personal account I†¦show more content†¦7). Boundary work holds high stakes for individuals who participate in creating boundaries, they are often flexible and are socially constructed (Gieryn, 1999, pg.7). North American society engages in boundary work through the process of racialization. White supremacy dictates who the racialized ‘other’ is and distributes power, economic and social capital in relation to this racialization process (Perry, 2014, pg.76). This is done through constructing stereotypes which distinguish the racialized Other from white subjects are thus grounded in what are held to be the identifying features of racial minorities (Perry, 2014, pg. 76). They help to distance white from not-white. Here ‘white’ may be a metaphor for western or non- ‘Third-World-looking’, rather than a matter of skin pigmentation or other such phenotype (Perry, 2014, pg. 76). The latter are to be feared, ridiculed, and loathed for their difference as recognized in the popular psyche (Perry, 2014, pg. 76). Stereotypes are loaded with derogatory associations, suggesting inferiority, irresponsibility, immorality, and non-humanness (Perry, 2014, pg. 76). They provide both motive and rationale for injurious verbal and physical assaults on minority groups (Perry, 2014, pg. 76). Acting upon these interpretations allows dominant group members to recreate whiteness as superiority, while punishing the Other for their

Temperament - 721 Words

Temperament: behavioral styles that are fairly stable across situations and are biologically based Infant Temperament Thomas and Chess: Stella Chess and Alexander Thomas conducted pioneering longitudinal research on infant temperament. 3 patterns (based on parents reports) * easy babies (40%) adjust readily to new experiences, quickly established routines, and generally were cheerful in mood and easy to calm * difficult babies (10%) adjust to new experiences, likely to reac negatively and intensely to stimuli and events, and irregular in their bodily functions * slow-to-warm-up (15%) somewhat difficult at first but easier over time ***other infants don’t fit into these categories*** * Temperament is moderately†¦show more content†¦The infant also displays stranger anxiety and uses the caregiver as a secure base for exploration. * Avoidant attachment * Insecure attachment in which the infant shows little separation anxiety and does not pay much attention to the caregiver’s return. * Ambivalent (resistant) attachment: * Insecure attachment in which the infant shows separation protest but also distress upon the caregiver’s return. * Disorganized/disoriented attachment: * Infant-caregiver relations characterized by the infant’s fear of the caregiver, confused facial expressions, and a combination of avoidant and ambivalent attachmentShow MoreRelatedTemperament Style7042 Words   |  29 PagesThe Keirsey Temperament Sorter ® II Classic Temperament Report Report prepared for: CFM 3046 Tuesday, August 07, 2012 Keirsey Temperament Sorter-II Classic Temperament Report Copyright  © 2000-2010 Keirsey.com. All rights reserved. This report is based on Please Understand Me II by David W. Keirsey, PhD Copyright  © 1998 Prometheus Nemesis Book Company The Keirsey Temperament Sorter II Copyright 1998 Prometheus Nemesis Book Company. Keirsey Temperament Sorter, Guardian, Artisan, Idealist, andRead MoreThe Keirsey Temperament Sorter II1190 Words   |  5 PagesThe Keirsey Temperament Sorter-II is an instrument to determine an individual’s personality traits. Each of us has different personalities. Those personalities that we acquired through our parents, guardians or that we learned ourselves. To understand another individual, we have to understand ourselves first. The Keirsey Temperament Sorter-II provides a better understanding for each temperament or characteristic of a person and how an individual interacts with other personality types. HavingRead MoreThe Four Temperaments Of The Keirsey Sorter1862 Words   |  8 PagesDescribe the four temperaments of the Keirsey Sorter The Keirsey Temperament Sorter (KTS) is a self-assessed questionnaire that is intended to help people understand the personality of others and themselves. Embracing the ideas of ancient Greeks, Keirsey developed the Temperament Sorter. He was intrigued by the work Kretschmer and Sheldon in the late 1940s, which comprised of the study of the human physique and criminality (Kretschmer, 1970). Finally, Keirsey was introduced to the Myers-BriggsRead MoreKeirsey Temperament Sorter ( Kts )1166 Words   |  5 PagesKeirsey Temperament Sorter (KTS) is the best tool to use to describe an individual’s personality. According to Keirsey Temperament Website (n.d.), KTS is the most widely, useful tool to determine a dominant personality type based on the individual’s answers on a standardized questionnaire. The KTS is based on temperament theory of Dr. David Keirsey that has been translated into 18 different languages and currently being used by over 40 million people from all over the world (Keirsey Temperament WebsiteRead MoreBased on the Keirsey Temperament Sorter, my type of temperament was ISFJ. According to Kendra600 Words   |  3 PagesBased on the Keirsey Temperament Sorter, my type of temperament was ISFJ. According to Kendra Cherry this letters stand for introverted, sensing, feeling, and judging (n.d, para.1). Keirsey.com puts this four letters together and defines it as The Protectors which would be one of the 16 personality types. The protectors make about ten percent of the population and their â€Å"primary interest is in the safety and security of those they care about - their family, their circle of friends, their studentsRead MoreSpirt Controlled Temperament By Tim Lahaye Gets More In1323 Words   |  6 PagesControlled Temperament by Tim LaHaye gets more in to detail about your weakest temperament and your strongest temperament. There is twelve chapters all describing our temperaments. We all have a temperament, simple as that. We most likely get our temperament traits from our grandparents. Which is kind of scary for me, because my grandparents are crazy on both sides. But, through the grace of God our temperaments can change, and for me that is a true blessing. 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Among the many biological factors that may be conducive to the origins of EBD is brain damage, brain dysfunction, malnutrition, allergies, or temperament. The second question of biological causes for EBD asks, what can be concluded about brain damage or dysfunction and EBD? The answer to this question lies in understanding the functions of the brain. An array of EBDs has been attributed to known

Tourism Marketing Analysis at Wrest Park Gardens Free Essays

Introduction Wrest Park is one of the most important Gardens in England. The natural landscape and statues was built during the late 18th century. Wrest Park’s formal gardens provide a fascinating history of gardening styles of 150 years old and inspired by the great gardens of Versailles in England. We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism Marketing Analysis at Wrest Park Gardens or any similar topic only for you Order Now The gardens are overlooked by a stylish French-style 18th century mansion and contain amazing garden buildings. Visitors looking for an unusual day out will find Wrest Park a wonderful place to explore in the company of our audio tour. The main Theme in this Wrest part is should be implements are market segmentation, targeting and positioning and marketing communications including their Internet presence to capture park atmosphere to the people and improve the continuous visitor to the park for a day. Wrest park has following the different strategy to adopt the visitor Like Event program, Demonstration about the park and all so the beauty wrest park Tourism marketing communication In the Wrest Park the important aspect is the marketing mix is a traditional way to understand marketing garden in general. The marketing practitioners consider the Mix as the toolkit of operation of marketing segmentation, target and positioning and marketing communication for the operational planning in the park. The exact role for the Wrest Park to contribute the Mix to the success of commercial organizations is very limited; the several studies confirm that the 4Ps Mix is indeed the trusted conceptual platform of practitioners dealing with tactical/operational marketing issues. The marketing mix has been defined as a mixture of controllable marketing variables that the firm uses in order to pursue the marketing mix have been adapted by many scholars and marketing professional, also within the tourism industry, in a number of forms. Firms marketing strategies use marketing mix variables in order to plan an operational marketing plan are used in the wrest park in different aspects are segmenting the group of peoples and positioning the park according to their age group, Gender. The wrest park has the competitive environment with other parks that bring the Targeting in the Tourism Market. And the tourism marketing has the customer demands and competitors? strategies to capture the segmentation, Positioning and targeting the people for the park and changing The Traditional marketing P’s as product, place, and promotion. In the wrest park has the multisensory tourism marketing communication has use the term inter medial marketing to the people to understand the tourism market to have the interactive with the peoples in the around areas. The Wrest Park that provides the marketing to visitors is only part of the job. And the park service marketing must also incorporate internal marketing, Segment marketing and Target marketing. The resources should be allocated to communicating the park mission and values to all members of staff to ensure they share the philosophy of service excellence and visitor satisfaction. The national is the more successful regional parks, in particular, developing longer-term relationships between the key focus for marketing. Segment marketing programmers are increasingly being used by park to diversify from their traditional audiences. They are employing audience development and product diversification, building unpaid assistant and supporters to offering loyalty incentives and demonstrating their relevance to their communities through wider cultural, social and economic initiatives. Segmentation and targeting marketing relationship often overlap the park, particularly in the public sector form collaborative partnerships or to contract out some of their ancillary services. The park’s perspective this integrated and holistic marketing strategy approach should ensure that the park brand maintains its qualities, image and reputation; the park is best placed to achieve its mission, and above all, visitors receive a quality experience. Multiple senses in marketing through Segmentation, positioning and also target the tourism Marketing In the wrest park, are using to communicate with the public by the Marketing communication that also defined by the new media techniques as the Tourism Marketing for its procedures. With the help of tourism market communication the park association has providing the customers services and the consumer behavioral culture. The wrest park should have to fulfill the public perception of service quality and future behavioral, so the next time the peoples will have the intention to visit the park again, this bring the positioning for the tourism marketing. The wrest park have the different process of senses to depends on age, gender, cultural background and their Behavioral experience about the nature, that the peoples expect from the wrest park to provide to visitor to the wrest park, the that shows the Targeting the visitor in the tourism segment for the Wrest Park. In the Wrest Park Market segmentation are correctly using to understanding the needs of customers expectation, and Park authorities will decide between one offer and another. Between the customers who have shared their experience with the other peoples will be similar with their criteria. The Park should able to determine the groups of customers have been comfortable with their service should fully satisfy their need and wants of the customer. The primary objective of the park segmentation should have proper procedures and they should have the analytical aim to satisfy the customers. In the Wrest Park they should creates and maintains a product mix that specifically that fits the needs and preferences of the parks activities. The Wrest Park should have the proper marketing procedures that can be divided into segments that relate the contemporary and traditional. The Park should choose to target the entire customer expectation service and pricing strategy that should accepted by all the customers and also the Tourism visitor to the park. And the Park should have the target market segment for providing the service to the tourism peoples that gives the entire market popularity between the efficient tools for the park should have the promotion between the income and gaining the benefits to the wrest park authorities. The wrest park haves the greater market share between locals peoples and tourism peoples from other countries that gives the segmentation that the Wrest park has carefully directing the marketing plan that reaches to the right people and the right opportunities that park has to capture park visitor. The Park authorities should have the well planned resources that they can concentrated on their service and package that are offers the customers to visit again and again to the park. In the Wrest park there are marking the restoration of new facilities for the visitor in the formal gardens. The gardens have been completely lost or simplified to make them easier to maintain for the workers and also capturing t he marketing between the tourist visitors. And the park has Targeting the tourist visitor by providing the facilities like a new cafe, new shop and plant centre and a new play area for both young and older children. There will also be space to hold events and a new events programme is created there to targeting the different segment of Gender, Age and Size of the family and looking the Geography factor to attract the visitor for the park. In the park they are marketing the facilities to the new visitor for the Wrest park by showing the rooms will open and the house with new exhibitions telling the story of the de Grey family who lived at Wrest Park and how they created the gardens. Historical images are showing to Visitor and the rooms are well furnished and creating good atmosphere for the visitor that bring the Marketing about their product, quality and service to the tourism visitor. The Wrest Park has also opening the Countess’s Sitting Room and this will be the only furnished room in the mansion. Visitors will be able to enjoy the view through to the conservatory and the walled garden just as the Henrietta, Countess de Grey did. Outside, the garden buildings will also have interpretation and a new guidebook, family trail and audio guides are being created. There will also be a selection of activity backpacks for children to borrow with all sorts of games and activities to help them explore and learn about Wrest Park. Conclusion Thus the Wrest Park has the appropriate and effective segmentation, Targeting and positioning the marketing activities are likely to be mediocre at best. The tourism sector has traditionally lagged behind the Park in utilizing the concept of segmentation in marketing decision making, there is evidence to suggest that increasingly better market selection in the Wrest Park on the basis of resource allocations decisions are made for developing the Park strategic level according to current trends. The Wrest Park has too many destinations, attractions and tourism organizations, that they are using well, but outdated and unsophisticated segmentation bases to define their markets. The Park has clearly have an improvement on the traditional, simplistic segmentation bases and can provide more refined visitor profiles in the fact they were initially designed for servicing the visitor, that means they are doing their yield with multi-dimensional benefits of the tourism and Leisure values . Ultimately are decisions are taken in the park to segmenting the visitor market and they have eligible to employ will be dependent upon the scope of the destination’s market planning needs and resources and expertise. The Wrest Park should remember about the tourism to understanding and they should have the distinct and homogenous needs of different visitor that they based on their motivations and attitudes that will allow the destination or attraction to the visitor in the Wrest parks. The Wrest Park has most successful tourist destinations have undertaken a detailed segmentation, Targeting and positioning the analysis about the tourism marketing. The Park have the targeted those segments that closely matched their strengths before designing a value-added composite visitor experience the all aspects have been extended with marketing mix are integrated with the needs of the selected target segments of the Park visitors. REFERENCE 1. Armstrong, G. Kotler, P. (1999). Marketing and Introduction.Prentice Hall. 2. Baker, J., Grewal, D. and Parasuraman, A. (1994). The Influence of Store Environment on Quality Inferences and Store Image. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 3.Bitner, M. J. (1992), Services capes: The Impact of Physical Surroundings on Customers and Employees, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 56, p. 57-71. 4. Bosmans, A. (2006). Scents and sensibility: When do (in) congruent ambient scents influence product evaluationsJournal of Marketing, Vol. 70(3): 32-43. 5. Coviello. N.E. et al. (2000). Investigation of marketing practice by firm size, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 15: 523-545 6. Davies, B. Ward, P. 2002. Managing Retail Consumption. Wiley : London EURO Rscg –tutkimus (2004). Viestinnan ilmiot Gronroos, C. (1994). 7. Shift in Marketing†, Management Decision 32/2, MCB University Press Gronroos, C. (2000). 8. Hirsch, A.R. (1995). Effects of Ambient Odors on Slot Machine Usage in a Las Vegas Casino, Psychology and Marketing, Vol. 12 (7): 585-94. 9. Hoffman, K.D. and Turley, L.W. (2002). Atmospherics, service encounters and consumer decisions making. Vol. 10, Nr. 3, p. 33-46. 10. Kauppalehti. (2007) Matkamyynti menee nettiin, 14th May, 2007.Keillor, B.D., Hule, G., Tomas, M. and Kandemir, D. (2003). A study of the Service Encounter in Eight Countries, Journal of International Marketing, Vol. 12, Nr. 1: 9-35. 11. Kennedy, M. (2008). Brand Strategy. London: Jun 9, 2008:34 Kotler, P. (1984). Marketing Management: Investigation, Planning, and organize, Prentice-Hall 12. Kuutti, H. (2006). Uusi mediasanasto. Jyvaskyla: Atena kustannus Oy. 13. Lindstrom, M. Kotler, P. (2005). Brand senses build powerful brands through touch, Taste, smell, sight, and sound. New York: 14. Lindstrom, M. 2005. Brand Sense, Build Powerful Brands through Touch, Taste, Smell, Sight and Sound. Free Press. 15. Lindstrom, M. 2009. Buyology: Truth and Lies about Why We Buy. Arrow Books Ltd. How to cite Tourism Marketing Analysis at Wrest Park Gardens, Essay examples

Modal Verbs Usage in Modern English Fiction free essay sample

Some features of mood, such as hypothetical permission, are expressed in words that are calledmodals(M). The modals are listed here: will all may must can Historically, English modals came from a special class of verbs in Ger- manic, the ancestor of English and the other Germanic languages. Modals have always differed from ordinary verbs, to the point where they now belong to a special category of their own. Modals and verbs differ in the range of forms that Sentence: 4. 24: Fritz may get a promotion. they exhibit. English verbs appear in a number of distinct forms, whereas modals have a single, invariant form. For instance, modals never end in-s,even in sentences with third-person singular subjects. To include the modal in our grammar, we simply expand the rule for auxil- iary to account for tense markers (past and present) and modals, as shown: Aux? tense (M) M? will shall can may must With this modification to our rules, we can describe sentences such as 24: 24. Fritz may get a promotion. Analysis of this sentence is shown in the following tree diagram on the next page. A question that often arises in the analysis of expanded verb phrases is why the tense marker is placed in front of the verb rather than after. The past parti- ciple suffix -ed/-en, after all, comes at the end of a verb, not at the beginning. The answer is that there is no simple way to capture schematically the rela- tions among tense, modals, and verbs. Whenever a verb has a modal, the modal is tensed, not the verb. If our description put tense after the verb, we would solve nothing—we would still have the question of how tense jumps over the verb and attaches to the modal. The placement of tense at the head of the VP is a matter of convention; placing it elsewhere in the VP would not en- hance the description. What we learn here is that structural analyses are at best an approximate de- scription of the language we actually use. If we wanted to account for the fact that the past participle appears at the end of verbs, we would have to develop a special rule for attachment, which indeed is what linguists have done. Nevertheless, structural analyses reveal much about the nature of grammatical constructions. Tense and Its Complexities When we examine tense closely, it becomes apparent that the relation between tense and verbs is not a simple one. Tense does not merely indicate when an ac- tion took place, as evidenced in sentences such asMacarena could visit her sick friend in the morning. The verbvisitis not tensed in this sentence; instead, the tense marker is attached to the modal. But although the modal is in the past tense, the action is to occur in the future. Many students have a hard time grasp- ing this concept. Although modals are function words, they nevertheless have a semantic content. Canandmay,for example, do not mean the same thing. Canindicates ability, whereasmayindicates permission as well as a conditional future. With regard to requesting permission, popular usage has largely eliminatedmayand replaced it withcan. If a student wants permission to use the rest room, he or she invariably will ask,Can I use the rest roomrather thanMay I use the rest room. In a department store, clerks will ask,Can I help you,notMay I help you. Formal standard usage, however, continues to differentiate between these words, which makes helping students understand the difference a worthwhile goal. Becausemaycan signify two different meanings, it can lead to ambiguity. Consider the following sentences: 25. Fritz can play the piano. 26. Fritz may play the piano. Sentence 25 signifies Fritz’s ability to play; sentence 26 can be understood as giving Fritz permission to play, or it can be understood as a comment about Fritz’s playing the piano at some time in the future. The condition is uncertain. We easily can imagine this future conditional if we think of Fritz being at a party. Sentence 27 offers another example ofmayas a future conditional: 27. Buggsy may take a trip to Las Vegas next week. It is worth noting that the past tense form ofmayismight. These words differ in thatmightsignifies a more uncertain or doubtful future than doesmay. Thus, the likelihood of Buggsy taking a trip is more uncertain in sentence 28 than it is in sentence 27: 28. Buggsy might take a trip to Las Vegas next week. Like many other usage distinctions, this one seems to be disappearing. Even speakers and writers of formal Standard English rarely differentiate the two forms. However, anyone interested in using language as precisely as possible will, indeed, differentiate them. The difference betweenwillandshallis far more complicated, and it, too, has essentially disappeared in American usage. The traditional distinction maintains thatshallis used to indicate the simple future in the first person, as in I shall go to the movies. Shallcannot be used in the second and third persons, however, but instead must be replaced bywill,as inThey will end the strike soon. The use ofwillin the first person does not express simple future but in- stead signifies a promised action, as inI will give you the loan. The use ofshall in the second and third persons signifies a command, as inYou shall stop seeing that horrible woman immediately. Currently, there are only two instances of widespread use ofshallin American English, even among Standard speakers: in legal documents and in questions, as in Shall we go now?